New York Times
By Michael Wines and Stephanie Saul
July 5, 2015
In
late June, as much of the nation mourned the killing of nine
parishioners in a Charleston, S.C., church, The Daily Stormer, a white
supremacist website, was busy posting
articles on a different issue: black crime against white people.
“Adolescent Ape Jailed for Murdering White Man Out of Boredom,” one
headline blared.
And
after Dylann Roof, a white 21-year-old high school dropout and the
apparent author of a vitriolic anti-black diatribe, was arrested and
charged with the killings,
commenters on another white supremacist site, Stormfront.org, lamented
something else: the possibility of the massacre’s leading to gun
control. “Jews want the white man’s guns. End of story,” one person
wrote from Utah.
In
the wake of the church massacre, many white supremacist groups have
rushed to disavow any link to Mr. Roof and any role in the murders. And
while Mr. Roof appears to
have been in contact with some white supremacists online, investigators
say it does not appear that those people encouraged or assisted in the
deadly shootings.
Still,
the authorities say, Mr. Roof had clearly embraced their worldview. As
investigators comb through the data streams of Mr. Roof’s electronic
equipment, a four-page
manifesto apparently written by him before the killings offers a
virtual road map to modern-day white supremacy. It contains bitter
complaints about black crime and immigration, espousing the virtues of
segregation and debating the viability of an all-white
enclave in the Pacific Northwest.
That
manifesto has refocused attention on a shadowy movement that, for all
its ideological connections to the white racists of the past, is more
regionally diverse and
sophisticated than its predecessors, experts say.
They
say it is capable, through its robust online presence, of reaching an
audience far wider than the small number of actual members attributed to
it.
“There’s
really not a lot out there as far as membership organizations,” said
Don Black, who runs Stormfront.org. “But there is a huge number, I think
more than ever,
as far as people actively working in some way to promote our cause.
Because they don’t have to join an organization now that we have this
newfangled Internet.”
Experts
dispute the number of movement supporters but agree about its efforts
to modernize. While the virulent racism of old can still be found
online, the movement today
also includes more button-down websites run by white nationalism think
tanks with vanity publishing units. Most of the best-known organizations
also claim to have disavowed the violence of groups like the Ku Klux
Klan.
Richard
B. Spencer, the 37-year-old president of the white nationalist National
Policy Institute in Whitefish, Mont., embodies this new generation.
He
holds a master’s degree from the University of Chicago and studied for a
doctorate in history at Duke University. Now he runs an organization
that produces papers on
issues like racial differences in intelligence and the crime rate among
Hispanic immigrants.
“America
as it is currently constituted — and I don’t just mean the government; I
mean America as constituted spiritually and ideologically — is the
fundamental problem,”
he said in an interview. “I don’t support and agree with much of
anything America is doing in the world.”
But
precisely because the movement is more atomized and has been rendered
more anonymous by the Internet, law enforcement officials say it has
become harder to track potentially
violent lone-wolf terrorists who might draw inspiration from white
supremacist sites without being actively involved in the organizations.
“White
supremacist lone wolves pose the most significant domestic terrorist
threat because of their low profile and autonomy — separate from any
formalized group — which
hampers warning efforts,” said a Department of Homeland Security report
issued in 2009. The report came under fierce criticism from
conservatives, who said it unfairly painted them as terrorists.
If
the movement has a leading edge, it is Stormfront.org, an online
discussion forum. With about 40,000 visitors a day, it is perhaps the
most popular supremacist site
in the world based on page views, with more than a million a month (a
figure that includes repeat visitors).
Mr.
Black, its 61-year-old proprietor, straddles the movement’s
generational divide: a grand dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama
decades ago, he later ushered in the
movement’s Internet era with Stormfront.org in 1995, and followed up
with a two-hour weekday Internet radio show.
Stormfront’s
website, operated by Mr. Black out of his home in West Palm Beach,
Fla., features the slogan “White Pride World Wide.” It is primarily a
chat room, with discussion
threads that range from innocuous cooking tips to diatribes against
gays, immigrants, Jews and blacks.
Mr.
Black said he had broken from the Klan because it had a history of
“random and senseless violence.” But he also said he could not rule out
violent conflict as white
people tried to promote what he called “our heritage, our values,” and
attempted to realize the dream of a separate all-white enclave.
“I
personally would like to see it play out peacefully,” he said.
“Unfortunately I took too many history classes, and history is not
filled with a lot of peace. America
is becoming balkanized just like the Balkans; we are breaking apart
because of Hispanics — particularly in the Southwest — and other races.”
Mr.
Black was visited last week by F.B.I. agents seeking information about
Mr. Roof’s online associates, though he said there was no evidence that
anybody had encouraged
Mr. Roof to commit murder.
“This
could obviously become overly broad and become a First Amendment
issue,” Mr. Black said, adding that such inquiries could have a chilling
effect on free expression
in online posts. He would not comment when asked if he had been served
with a subpoena but said lawyers were involved.
A
young challenger to Stormfront.org’s influence is The Daily Stormer, a
neo-Nazi mixture of message boards and sarcastic commentary begun by
30-year-old Andrew Anglin
in 2013. He started it amid a national uproar over the killing in
Florida of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed 17-year-old black youth, by a
neighborhood watch monitor, George Zimmerman. Mr. Anglin was born in
1984. Like Mr. Black, he has a podcast
The
Daily Stormer offers frequently updated content, much of it
provocatively raw and written by Mr. Anglin, who declined to be
interviewed for this article but is believed
to run the site out of suburban Columbus, Ohio. In a post on Friday
headlined “Spineless Jewpublicans Respond to the Donald,” Mr. Anglin
took to task virtually the entire Republican presidential field for
criticizing Donald Trump’s statements on Mexican immigrants.
Several
organizations — the National Policy Institute, American Renaissance,
the Charles Martel Society and its website The Occidental Observer — try
to take a more highbrow
approach, couching white nationalist arguments as academic commentary
on black inferiority, the immigration threat to whites and other racial
issues.
There
are also two prominent groups with deep ties to the South: the Council
of Conservative Citizens, which evolved from the pro-segregationist
White Citizens Councils,
and the League of the South, a sparsely trafficked site for hard-core
secessionists. The manifesto attributed to Mr. Roof cited the council’s
website as a source of information about black-on-white crime.
Many
groups are said to be financially challenged. For instance,
Stormfront.org struggles to raise $7,500 a month from about 800
“sustaining members” to cover expenses,
Mr. Black said.
The
exceptions are found among the highbrow organizations: The National
Policy Institute and the Martel Society were founded and have been aided
by William H. Regnery
II, heir to a far-right publishing empire who also oversees a brace of
anti-immigration lobbying groups. The Pioneer Fund, a 78-year-old
nonprofit foundation that has stoked controversy with its interest in
eugenics, also has aided the policy institute and
American Renaissance.
In
2004, leaders of the movement met in New Orleans, ostensibly to
celebrate the release of David Duke, the former grand wizard of the Ku
Klux Klan, who had been imprisoned
for fraudulent fund-raising. There, eight major organizations signed an
agreement intended to define the modern supremacist movement according
to three unifying principles: honorable behavior among all signatories, a
high tone in public presentations and zero
tolerance for violence.
The degree to which followers of those groups have maintained the nonviolence pledge remains in dispute.
But
the manifesto attributed to Mr. Roof included a chilling complaint
about the movement’s disavowal of violence. “We have no skinheads, no
real KKK, no one doing anything
but talking on the Internet,” the paper read. “Well, someone has to
have the bravery to take it to the real world, and I guess that has to
be me.”
Supremacist
groups remain divided by rivalries and philosophical disputes. Those
differences sometimes obscure a common goal: to re-establish exclusive
white control of
the United States or, should that prove impossible as many groups now
concede, to build an all-white enclave with its own government and an
army to defend it.
The
League of the South seeks a second Southern secession. The Daily
Stormer’s Mr. Anglin last month proposed building a white city, possibly
in a foreign venue.
Mr.
Spencer, who runs the National Policy Institute, said in an interview
that he fantasized about an Aryan revival in the style of the Roman
Empire. Others have proposed
a white enclave in the Pacific Northwest, or “little Europe” towns
across America.
Stormfront’s
Mr. Black does not just talk about such aspirations: He spent two years
in federal prison for an ill-fated attempt in 1981 to seize the
Caribbean island of
Dominica for conversion into an all-white paradise, financed by
brothels and casinos. The authorities stopped him and his group as they
were boarding a yacht with plans to stage a Dominica coup.
Where
the masses will be found to establish such audacious and widely
condemned ventures is not clear, even to their proponents. But Mr.
Spencer noted that Karl Marx had
founded communism with no adherents and a simple manifesto. Mr. Black
said he believed the online supremacist movement was not merely large
but growing.
The
Anti-Defamation League has identified some 10,000 white supremacists on
websites and on social media like Facebook. But many more are said to
be more like Mr. Roof,
invisible and surfacing online only to make anonymous comments.
Stormfront claims 300,000 registered members, although Mr. Black said
only a small fraction were active on the site. Some 95 percent of the
site’s visitors, he said, are anonymous outsiders.
Among
the dozen or so main white supremacist websites, daily page views range
from fewer than 1,000 to as many as 40,000, although that figure
includes repeat page views.
An
analysis of traffic to several major supremacist websites shows that
many attracted spikes in interest late last year, around the time that
anger over the shooting
of Michael Brown, an unarmed black teenager, by a white police officer
in Ferguson, Mo., was touching off protests in cities and towns across
the nation. But it remains far from clear whether it translated into a
larger following for any of the groups.
Estimating
the size of the white supremacy movement is “a murky guessing game,”
said Donald P. Green, a Columbia University professor and expert on hate
crimes, because
many racists are unwilling to declare a belief that mainstream
Americans find abhorrent.
Gauging its impact on the Charleston murders, he said, is even harder.
“The
idea that you could reaffirm someone’s ideology and maybe even sharpen
or focus it on a particular target is something these sites are capable
of doing,” Mr. Green
said.
As
for the church shooting suspect, Mr. Roof, “We don’t know whether that
was a marker for his violent predispositions or might be the cause of
them,” Mr. Green said.
“It might be both.”
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